@article {1411, title = {Direct measurements of slip irreversibility in a nickel-based superalloy using high resolution digital image correlation}, journal = {Acta Materialia}, volume = {186}, year = {2020}, pages = {172{\textendash}189}, abstract = {

Fatigue crack nucleation in crystalline materials typically develops due to highly localized cyclic slip. During a fatigue cycle, reverse slip differs locally from slip in the forward direction particularly in precipitate-containing materials such as superalloys. In this paper we report the first direct measurements of irreversibility at the scale of individual slip bands by high-resolution digital image correlation (DIC) in a polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy. Quantitative measurements of the slip irreversibility are challenging for regions of material that have a size that captures the microstructure and its variability. High spatial resolution at the nanometer scale during experimental measurements is needed to observe slip localization during deformation. Moreover, large fields are also needed to obtain the material response over statistically representative populations of microstructural configurations. Recently, high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) digital image correlation (DIC) has been extended for quantitative analysis of discontinuities induced by slip events using the Heaviside-DIC method. This novel method provides quantitative measurements of slip localization at the specimen surface. In this paper, the Heaviside-DIC method is used to measure slip irreversibility and plastic strain accumulation in a nickel-based superalloy. The method detects bands with high levels of irreversibility early in cycling that ultimately form fatigue cracks upon further cycling. The local microstructural configurations that induce large amounts of plasticity and slip irreversibility are correlated to crack nucleation locations.

}, keywords = {Heaviside-digital image correlation, High resolution digital image correlation, Low cycle fatigue, Polycrystalline Ren{\'e} 88DT nickel-based superalloy, Scanning electron microscopy digital image correlation, Slip irreversibility, Strain localization and accumulation}, issn = {13596454}, doi = {10.1016/j.actamat.2019.12.009}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.12.009}, author = {Stinville, J. C. and Callahan, P. G. and Charpagne, M. A. and Echlin, M. P. and Valle, V. and Pollock, T. M.} } @conference {1616, title = {Tuning Strain Localization in Polycrystalline Nickel-Based Superalloys by Thermomechanical Processing}, booktitle = {Superalloys 2020}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, abstract = {

Thermomechanical processing routes are used to produce microstructures that minimize plastic strain localization at the sub-grain scale in a polycrystalline \γ \− \γ\&$\#$39; nickel- based superalloy. This novel approach is made possible by the use of innovative experimental tools and statistical data analysis that capture slip events over large represen- tative fields of view. Results are correlated to conventional observations of fatigue crack initiation and early stage of propagation. The effect of coherent twin boundaries and primary \γ\&$\#$39; precipitates on fatigue properties and plastic localization is detailed.

}, keywords = {3D microstructure, Annealing twin boundaries, Nickel-based superalloy, Primary γ{\textquoteright} precipitates, Slip bands}, isbn = {9783030518349}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-51834-9}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51834-9_65}, author = {Charpagne, M. A. and Stinville, J. C. and Polonsky, A. T. and Echlin, M. P. and Murray, S. P. and Chen, Z. and Bozzolo, N. and Cormier, J. and Valle, V. and Pollock, T. M.}, editor = {Tin, Sammy and Hardy, Mark and Clews, Justin and Cormier, Jonathan and Feng, Qiang and Marcin, John and O{\textquoteright}Brien, Chris and Suzuki, Akane} } @article {1511, title = {A 3D analysis of the onset of slip activity in relation to the degree of micro-texture in Ti{\textendash}6Al{\textendash}4V}, journal = {Acta Materialia}, volume = {181}, year = {2019}, pages = {36{\textendash}48}, abstract = {

The mechanical properties of titanium alloys result from their complex multi-scale microstructural features, including micron scale precipitates and millimeter scale microtextured regions (MTRs). While previous investigations have revealed that the presence of mm-scale MTRs can degrade mechanical properties, particularly fatigue, the accompanying strain localization processes that operate at the microscale within the \α grains in MTRs are not well understood. The present work is a mechanistic investigation of MTRs using crystal plasticity simulations of mm3-scale experimentally captured and synthetically generated 3D microstructure datasets. The explicit modeling of both the \α grains and MTRs in Ti\–6Al\–4V enables assessment of the effect of microtexture and local structure variations within the MTR on overall deformation behavior and the onset of plastic slip in MTRs. The presence of MTRs with a dominant [0001] orientation results in both stress and plastic strain hotspots during the early stages of straining. Crystal plasticity predictions are compared to previous digital image correlation studies on early strain localization. The influence of MTRs on the local stress and strain fields is discussed with regard to the monotonic tension, fatigue and dwell-fatigue behavior of titanium alloys.

}, keywords = {3D EBSD, Crystal plasticity, Macrozones, Microtexture, Titanium alloys}, issn = {13596454}, doi = {10.1016/j.actamat.2019.09.028}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.09.028}, author = {H{\'e}mery, S. and Na{\"\i}t-Ali, A. and Gu{\'e}guen, M. and Wendorf, J. and Polonsky, A. T. and Echlin, M. P. and Stinville, J. C. and Pollock, T. M. and Villechaise, P.} } @article {1356, title = {Dislocation dynamics in a nickel-based superalloy via in-situ transmission scanning electron microscopy}, journal = {Acta Materialia}, volume = {168}, year = {2019}, pages = {152{\textendash}166}, abstract = {

Micro-tensile specimens of nickel-based superalloy oligocrystals were tested in-situ in an scanning electron microscope in transmission mode (TSEM) enabling observation of dislocations. The dynamics of dislocation motion during tensile loading were captured and correlated with the measured intermittencies during plastic flow recorded by high load- and temporal-resolution sensors. This investigation in particular focused on the dislocation behavior near twin boundaries with different slip configurations. A multiplicity of deformation mechanisms at the dislocation scale were observed within individual slip bands, including precipitate shearing, dislocation decorrelation and antiphase boundary-coupled shearing. These processes affect strain localization near twin boundaries and provide new defect-level insights on plastic localization and fatigue crack initiation in these alloys.

}, keywords = {Dislocations dynamic, In-situ transmission scanning electron microscopy (TSEM), Nickel-based superalloy ren{\'e} 88DT, Plastic localization, STEM detector, Twin boundary}, issn = {13596454}, doi = {10.1016/j.actamat.2018.12.061}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.12.061}, author = {Stinville, J. C. and Yao, Eric R. and Callahan, Patrick G. and Shin, Jungho and Wang, Fulin and Echlin, Mclean P. and Pollock, Tresa M. and Gianola, Daniel S.} } @article {1501, title = {In-plane and out-of-plane deformation at the sub-grain scale in polycrystalline materials assessed by confocal microscopy}, journal = {Acta Materialia}, volume = {169}, year = {2019}, pages = {260{\textendash}274}, abstract = {

High-resolution digital image correlation (HR-DIC) techniques have become essential in material mechanics to assess strain measurements at the scale of the elementary mechanisms responsible of the deformation in polycrystalline materials. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the use of laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) coupled with DIC techniques to deepen knowledge on the deformation process of a polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy at room temperature. The LSCM technique is capable of detecting both in-plane and out-of-plane strain localization within slip bands at the sub-grain level. The LSCM observations are consistent with previous in-situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies: The onset of crystal plasticity occurs primarily near \Σ3 twin boundaries with macroscopic loading in the elastic domain (macroscopic stress as low as 80\% of the 0.2\% offset yield strength (Y.S. 0.2\% )). This intense irreversible strain localization occurs with either a high Schmid factor (\μ \> 0.43) or a significant elastic modulus difference between the pair of twins (\Δ\Ε \> 100 GPa). In the plastic deformation domain, transgranular slip activity following slip systems with the highest Schmid factor is mostly responsible for the deformation at the grain level, thus leading to strain percolation. The simultaneous in-plane and out-of-plane deformation assessment via the HR-LSCM-DIC technique was found to be essential for the identification of active slip systems. Finally, the HR-LSCM-DIC technique enabled the quantification of the glide amplitude involved in the three-dimensional shearing process at the grain level that solely in-plane measurements cannot provide.

}, keywords = {High Resolution-Digital Image Correlation (HR-DIC), In-situ tensile testing, Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), Nickel-based polycrystalline superalloy, Strain localization}, issn = {13596454}, doi = {10.1016/j.actamat.2019.03.001}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.03.001}, author = {Liu, J. H. and Vanderesse, N. and Stinville, J. C. and Pollock, T. M. and Bocher, P. and Texier, D.} } @article {1461, title = {High-Resolution Deformation Mapping Across Large Fields of View Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Digital Image Correlation}, journal = {Experimental Mechanics}, volume = {58}, year = {2018}, pages = {1407{\textendash}1421}, abstract = {

This paper details the creation of experimental and computational frameworks to capture high-resolution, microscale deformation mechanisms and their relation to microstructure over large (mm-scale) fields of view. Scanning electron microscopy with custom automation and external beam control was used to capture 209 low-distortion micrographs of 360\ \μm \× 360\ \μm each, that were individually correlated using digital image correlation to obtain displacement/strain fields with a spatial resolution of 0.44\ \μm. Displacement and strain fields, as well as secondary electron images, were subsequently stitched to create a 5.7\ mm\ \×\ 3.4\ mm field of view containing 100 million (7678 \× 13,004) data points. This approach was demonstrated on Mg WE43 under uniaxial compression, where effective strain was shown to be relatively constant with respect to distance from the grain boundary, and a noticeable increase in the effective strain was found with an increase in the basal Schmid factor. The ability to obtain high-resolution deformations over statistically relevant fields of view enables large data analytics to examine interactions between microstructure, microscale strain localizations, and macroscopic properties.

}, keywords = {Alignment, Digital image correlation (DIC), Distortion, External scan, Stitching}, issn = {17412765}, doi = {10.1007/s11340-018-0419-y}, author = {Chen, Z. and Lenthe, W. and Stinville, J. C. and Echlin, M. and Pollock, T. M. and Daly, S.} } @article {1436, title = {Measurements of plastic localization by heaviside-digital image correlation}, journal = {Acta Materialia}, volume = {157}, year = {2018}, pages = {307{\textendash}325}, abstract = {

In polycrystalline metallic materials, quantitative and statistical assessment of the plasticity in relation to the microstructure is necessary to understand the deformation processes during mechanical loading. Plastic deformation often localizes into physical slip bands at the sub-grain scale. Detrimental microstructural configurations that result in the formation and evolution of slip bands during loading require advanced strain mapping techniques for the identification of these atomically sharp discontinuities. A new discontinuity-tolerant DIC method, Heaviside-DIC, has been developed to account for discontinuities in the displacement field. Displacement fields have been measured at the scale of the physical slip bands over large areas in nickel-based superalloys by high resolution scanning electron microscopy digital image correlation (SEM DIC). However, conventional DIC methods cannot quantitatively measure plastic localization in the presence of discontinuous kinematic fields such as those produced by slip bands. The Heaviside-DIC technique can autonomously detect discontinuities, providing information about their location, inclination, and identify slip systems (in combination with orientation mapping). Using Heaviside-DIC, discontinuities are physically evaluated as sharp shear-localization events, allowing for the quantitative measure of strain amplitude nearby the discontinuities. Measurements using the new Heaviside-DIC technique are compared to conventional DIC methods for identical materials and imaging conditions.

}, keywords = {Discontinuities measurements, High resolution digital image correlation, Ren{\'e} 88DT polycrystalline superalloy, Scanning electron microscopy, Slip band offset, Slip band shearing, Slip system identification, Strain localization}, issn = {13596454}, doi = {10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.013}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.013}, author = {Bourdin, F. and Stinville, J. C. and Echlin, M. P. and Callahan, P. G. and Lenthe, W. C. and Torbet, C. J. and Texier, D. and Bridier, F. and Cormier, J. and Villechaise, P. and Pollock, T. M. and Valle, V.} } @article {1221, title = {Measurement of Strain Localization Resulting from Monotonic and Cyclic Loading at 650 oC in Nickel Base Superalloys}, journal = {Experimental Mechanics}, volume = {57}, year = {2017}, pages = {1289{\textendash}1309}, doi = {10.1007/s11340-017-0286-y}, author = {Stinville, J. C. and Echlin, M. P. and Callahan, P. G. and Miller, V. M. and Texier, D. and Bridier, F. and Bocher, P. and Pollock, T. M.} }